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South Ural State University

Main objectives of the journal are:

? to disseminate information about scientific research and development performed by scientists and top specialists

with data distribution within the Russian Federation, CIS countries and far-abroad countries;

? to develop scientific fields and schools round the journal;

? to provide information support of priority scientific studies;

? to popularize advanced scientific ideas;

? to conduct propaganda of modern scientific physiological and medical technologies including recuperation;

? to conduct assessment of functional and metabolic condition, simulation and prediction in sports development on the basis

of supercomputer technologies;

? to develop methodological provisions associated with foregoing areas and to implement them.

Editorial Board:

Isaev A.P. (Chief Editor), Honored Worker of Science, Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Prof., South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk,

Russian Federation;

Erlikh A.V. (Deputy Chief Editor), Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Prof., South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation;

Nenasheva A.V. (Executive Secretary), Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Prof., South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation;

Ushakov A.S. (technical secretary), South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation

Editorial Council:

Schurova E.N., Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Kurgan,

Russian Federation;

Abzalov R.A., Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University,

Kazan, Russian Federation;

Pavlova V.I., Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation;

Sashenkov S.L., Dr. of Sci. (Med.), South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation;

Kuznetcov A.P., Honored Worker of Science, Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Prof., Kurgan State University, Kurgan, Russian Federation;

Iryanov Y.M., Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Prof., Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics,

Kurgan, Russian Federation;

Vazhenin A.V., Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Dr. of Sci. (Med.), South Ural State Medical University,

Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation;

Yushkov B.G., Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Prof., Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences,

Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;

Manukhina E.B., Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Health Science Center of the University of North Texas, USA;

Gubin A.V., Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Prof., Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics,

Kurgan, Russian Federation;

Mileva K., PhD (Biomed. Eng.), Research Center of Sports Science and Nutrition, London South Bank University, Great Britain;

Shlyk N.I., Honored Science Worker of the Udmurt Republic, Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Prof., Udmurt State University, Izhevsk,

Russian Federation;

Escobar-Molina R., Prof., University of Granada, Spain;

Mazin H.K., PhD, University of Babylon, Iraq;

Nikityuk D.B., Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation;

Le Panse B., PhD, Le Panse Academy, Paris, France;

Poznyakovsky V.M., Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Merited Scientist, Prof., Kemerovo Agrarian University, Kemerovo, Russian Federation;

Chereshnev V.A., Dr. of Sci. (Med.), member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation;

Waluch K., PhD, associate professor of the department for teaching in Pawel Wlodkowica University College, Plock; member

of TEAM EUROPE in the European Commission and Plock scientific society, Institute for Sport and Education Development,

Warsaw, Poland;

Sonkin V.D., Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Russian Academy of Education, Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth

and Tourism, Moscow, Russian Federation;

Erlikh V.V., Dr. of Sci. (Biol.), Prof., South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation;

Cherepov E.A., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation;

Talaghir L.G., PhD, Prof., �Dunarea de Jos� University of Galati, Galati, Romania;

Dopsaj M., PhD, Prof., University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia;

Bend?kov? E., PhD, Ass. Prof. Paed Dr., Matej Bel University, Bansk? Bystrica, Slovak Republic;

Kapilevich L.V., Dr. of Sci. (Med.), Prof., National Research Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia

��

TAYEBI S.M., KR?GER K., SAFAKAR M., BAHRAMI P., TAHMASB G., NENASHEVA A.V. Effects

of Ziziphus Jujube Supplementation on Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Protein Expression in Neutrophils after

Resistance Exercise

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104

�� .�., �� .�., �� .�. �� -

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110

KORONAS V. Evaluation of Agonistic Tennis in Greece: Tennis Players' Beliefs and Position

119

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129

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139

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146

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153

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2020. �. 20, � 3

CONTENTS

PHYSIOLOGY

TAYEBI S.M., KR?GER K., SAFAKAR M., BAHRAMI P., TAHMASB G., NENASHEVA A.V. Effects

of Ziziphus Jujube Supplementation on Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Protein Expression in Neutrophils after

Resistance Exercise

BAKULEV S.E., DOROFEIKOV V.V., GOLDBERG N.D., TAYMAZOV V.A., ASHKINAZI S.M.,

SMIRNOV M.S. Enzyme Diagnostics in Sports Practice (Literature Review and Personal Experience)

DAUTOVA A.Z., HAZHIEVA E.A., SADYKOVA L.Z., SHAMRATOVA V.G. Morphofunctional Fea-

tures of Erythrocytes in Young Women Depending on the Level of Motor Activity and Hereditary Factor

KONDRASHKIN P.V., BAIGUZHINA O.V., SHIBKOVA D.Z. Nociceptive Threshold in Healthy Women

at Rest and When Ready for Physical Activity

RUTKOVSKIY A.V., KOYNOSOV An.P., GUBINA �.�. Seasonal Dynamics of Endocrine Regulation of

Metabolic Rate, Blood Oxygen Transport System and Physical Performance of Middle Ob Region Athletes

from Cyclic Winter Sports

KUZIN A.I., KHREBTOVA A.Yu., CAMERER O.V., BYKOV E.V. Associative Determinants of

the Trophological Status in Athletes from Aerobic and Anaerobic Sports

SABIRYANOV A.R., SABIRYANOVA E.S., SASHENKOV S.L., IZAROVSKAIA I.V. Mechanisms of

the Effect of Traditional Massage on Central and Peripheral Circulation in Adolescent Females Involved in

Running Sports

SPORTS TRAINING

SURNIN D.I., USACHEV N.A. The Effect of Fitness Aerobics on Morphofunctional Indicators of Middle

Aged Females

GIMAZOV R.M., JENANYAN S.K. The Method of Training and Improving Pool Sports Equipment in

Students Taking Into Account the Sequence of Solutions to Motor Problems in the Nervous System

SUPRUN A.A., TITOVA A.V., BORISOVA V.V. Tempo and Rhythmic Abilities in Female Gymnasts

as a Factor of Motor Synchronicity in Group Gymnastic Routines

MEKHDIEVA K.R., ZAKHAROVA A.V., VLADELSHCHIKOVA M.A., TIMOKHINA V.E. Age Dy-

namics of Wingate Test Parameters in Young Athletes

KOSHKIN E.V., SOLONITSIN R.A., SMIRNOV A.A., KRUCHININA K.S. Simulation of a Throwing

Device for Wrestlers

104

GERMANOV G.N., KOROLKOV A.N., SHALAGINOV V.D. Formation of Rational Rhythmic Structure

of Running in Competitive Disciplines of Fire and Rescue Sports

110

KORONAS V. Evaluation of Agonistic Tennis in Greece: Tennis Players' Beliefs and Position

119

SPORT NUTRITION

GUBANENKO G.A., KUDRIAVTSEV M.D., RECHKINA E.A., NAIMUSHINA L.V., MAYURNI-

KOVA L.A. Vitamin-Mineral Isotonic Drinks with Spirulina in Sports Nutrition

129

REHABILITATION AND SPORT MEDICINE

DYSHKO B.A., MIZIN V.I., EZHOV V.V., DUDCHENKO L.Sh. Effect of Physical Exercises with Res-

piratory Simulators on Clinical and Functional Indicators in Patients with Bronchopulmonary and Cerebrovas-

cular Pathology

139

ANDREEV V.V., FOMINYKH A.V., MIKHEEVA O.S., KONOVALOV I.E., MOROZOV A.I. Compen-

sation for the Age Gap in the Development of Speed Abilities in Schoolchildren with Hearing Impairment

Aged 11-12 Years Based on the Means of Athletics

146

FROM EDITORIAL BOARD

153

Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3

��

DOI: 10.14529/hsm200301

EFFECTS OF ZIZIPHUS JUJUBE SUPPLEMENTATION

ON PRO- AND ANTI-APOPTOTIC PROTEIN EXPRESSION

IN NEUTROPHILS AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISE

S.M. Tayebi¹, tayebism@atu.ac.ir, tayebism@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-0459-4443,

K. Kr?ger², karsten.krueger@sport.uni-giessen.de, ORCID: 0000-0003-1506-8254,

M. Safakar³, safakar.m@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-6355-2107,

P. Bahrami³, bahrami.pouran@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-0111-2077,

G. Tahmasb³, tahmasb.g@yahoo.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-6663-4319,

A.V. Nenasheva⁴, nenashevaav@susu.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-0092-2948

¹Allameh Tabataba�i University, Tehran, Iran,

²Justus-Liebig-Universit?t Gie?en, Gie?en, Germany,

³Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran,

⁴South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation

Introduction. It is suggested that jujube might have beneficial effects on exercise-induced

immune perturbations, specifically on neutrophils apoptosis regulation, but its cellular mechanism

is unclear. Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of Ziziphus jujuba

administration on pro- and anti-apoptotic protein levels in human neutrophils in response to

a session of circuit resistance exercise (Ex). Material and Methods. Participants completed an

Ex (75 % 1RM, 9 exercises, 3 sets). While one group received a placebo, the other group (Zj)

was supplemented daily with jujube (0.5 gr/kg body weight suspended in 2.5cc distilled water)

one hour before Ex. Results. Ex increased the neutrophil level of [Ca²⁺]_i, calpain-1 and caspase-3

(p < 0.05) while a reduction of calpastatin and XIAP were observed (p < 0.05). Zj either sup-

pressed the [Ca²⁺]_i or reversed the calpastatin, calpain-1, XIAP, and caspase-3 responses (p < 0.01).

Conclusions. The data indicate that a single session of intensive Ex induced apoptotic signaling

in human neutrophils with the involvement of [Ca²⁺]_i-calpastatin-calpain axis upstream caspase-3.

Acute administration of jujube solution before exercise attenuated these effects probably by pro-

viding energy sources for neutrophils or by functioning as antioxidants.

Keywords: jujube supplementation, resistance exercise, neutrophil apoptosis,

[Ca²⁺]_i-

calpastatin-calpain axis, caspase-3, XIAP.

INTRODUCTION

neutrophil apoptosis. It is demonstrated that acute

Neutrophils are cells which represent a first

severe exercise induced an oxidative state in neu-

line defense against pathogens. Besides, they are

trophils which resulted in acceleration of sponta-

known to be key regulators of inflammatory res-

neous neutrophil apoptosis

[31]. Besides, it is

ponses which die through spontaneous apoptosis

found that moderate exercise did not affect neu-

at inflamed tissues [16, 17, 31].

trophil apoptosis, but intensive resistance and

A single bout of high intensity exercise is

endurance exercise delayed neutrophil apoptosis

known to mobilize neutrophils from the marginal

during recovery period [23]. So, what is the ex-

pool into the circulation

[17]. After intensive

planation to these conflicting results? Maybe

exercise, several neutrophils function like oxida-

focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms.

tive burst or migration are temporarily inhibited

Previous studies demonstrated that a single

which is speculated to clinically affect risk of

session of acute exercise induced DNA fragmen-

infection. Recently, it was shown that intense

tation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization,

exercise affects neutrophils lifespan by modi-

and increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes

fying their susceptibility to apoptosis [16]. There

(bax and bcl-xS), while expression of anti-

are conflicting data regarding exercise-induced

apoptotic genes (bcl-xL) in rat neutrophils were

��. ��. ��

2020. �. 20, � 3. �. 5-14

��

suppressed [15, 18]. Furthermore, exercise was

beneficial effects on exercise induced immune

accompanied by an increase of p53 and caspase-3

perturbations, specifically on neutrophils apop-

expression, whilep38 MAPK and JNK where

tosis regulation. In this regard, we previously

phosphorylated [16]. An important anti-apoptotic

demonstrated that solution supplementation one

modulator in neutrophils is represented by cal-

hour before exercise [34] and one week jujube

pastatin. A decrease in calpastatin expression

solution supplementation [35] affected number of

may release the constitutively active calpains to

Annexin V positive neutrophils after exercise.

cleave Bax into an active fragment and deactivate

However, up to now there are no data about

XIAP [9]. Both calpastatin and calpain-1 represent

the underlying cellular and molecular mecha-

critical proximal elements in a cascade of pro-

nisms which might affect balance of pro-and anti-

apoptotic events leading to Bax, mitochondria,

apoptotic signals.

and caspase-3 activation, and their altered expres-

MATERIALS AND METHODS

sion appears to affect life span of neutrophils un-

Participants. The present study was ap-

der pathologic conditions [3]. However, the ex-

proved by the Research Ethics Committee of the

pression of these calcium-dependent proteins

Tarbiat Modares University of Medical Science

after exercise has not been investigated yet. Re-

and was conducted in accordance with the policy

cently, exercise induced an increase of intracel-

statement of the Declaration of Iranian Ministry

lular calcium ([Ca²⁺]_i) transients [23], suggesting

of Health. Written informed consent was ob-

the involvement of calpastatin-calpain-calcium

tained from participants. All subjects were asked

axis in neutrophils apoptosis regulation during

to complete a medical examination and fill a me-

exercise.

dical questionnaire to ensure that during the past

In athletes, an increasing prevalence of sup-

month they had not taken any regular medication,

plementation is reported [30]. An important rea-

smoked, consumed alcohol or taken any regular

son for taking supplements is to prevent exercise

exercise in the past 2 months, and were free of

induced immunodepression and to decrease like-

cardiovascular or metabolic diseases or recent

lihood of illness [24]. Although supplementation

symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in

of hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with gluta-

the month prior to the start of these tests. Volun-

mine dipeptide had no effect on immune cells [7],

teers were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n = 7)

glutamine supplementation affected exercise in-

including a Circuit Resistance Exercise

(Ex)

duced immune perturbations by reducing neutro-

group with placebo (age: 25 � 3 years, height:

phils apoptosis [15, 16, 18]. However, long-term

171 � 2 cm, weight: 67.5 � 4.9 kg) and Ex group

consumption of chemical supplements can be

(n = 7) with Ziziphus jujube (Zj)/ solution (age:

harmful [39]. Accordingly, it is recommended

25 � 1 years, height: 180 � 4 cm, weight: 74.1 �

to use natural or herbal supplements [32, 37].

� 5.8 kg).

Jujube

(Ziziphus) is a native plant from

One repeat maximum (1-RM) test. 1-RM

southern Europe and Specially Asia [28]. It is

value was determined by trial in three separate

known as Chinese date and red date [27]. It also

sessions, by adding or removing weights after

grows in east, southeast and central of Iran, and is

each attempt, as required. Subjects were allowed

called �annab� [12]. Jujube has been traditionally

to take as much time as they felt necessary to re-

used fresh or processed (dried) as food, food ad-

cover from each attempt. This was confirmed by

ditive and flavoring agent for thousands of years,

visual and verbal feedback from participants.

due to its high nutritional values [19]. Previous

Jujube preparation. The semi-dried fruits

studies have revealed that jujube contains various

of Zj were washed, and seeds were separated and

constituents, including triterpenic acids [11] fla-

the soft red parts were removed. The samples

vonoids [25], cerebrosides [11], amino acids [5],

were dried at 50 �C and ground to a powder using

phenolic acids [8], mineral constituents [19], and

a mortar [37].

polysaccharides [13]. Recent studies showed that

Combination assessment of jujube extrac-

jujube fruits have multiple bioactivities, such as

tion by gas chromatography-mass spectrome-

anticancer [26], hepatoprotective [29], gastroin-

try (GC-MS). Compounds of Zj extraction were

testinal protective

[13], neuroprotective effects

detected by GC-MS by semi-quantitative method.

[40], antioxidant [4], anti-insomnia, immunos-

The contents of Zj extraction compounds were

timulating [20], and anti-inflammatory [41]. Ac-

quantified using an internal standard (3-octanol,

cordingly, it is suggested that jujube might have

99 %, Sigma-Aldrich). Wine volatile compounds

Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 5-14

�� .�., �� ., �� . � ��.

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were analyzed using an Agilent 5975 Mass Spec-

3 days before test for unification and nutritional

trometer coupled to an Agilent

7890A Gas

control. They received three meals/day: breakfast

Chromatograph

(Agilent, Santa Clara, USA).

(10 kcal�kg^?1 BW, 70 carbohydrates, 18 % pro-

A DB-WAX column (60 m ? 0.25 mm ID and

tein,

12 % fat), lunch (10 kcal�kg^?1 BW, 70 %

0.25 �m film thickness) was used for separation.

carbohydrates, 18 % protein, 12 % fat) and, din-

The working parameters were as follows: injector

ner (18 kcal�kg^?1 BW, 70 % carbohydrates, 15 %

temperature of 210 �C, EI source of 230 �C, MS

protein,

15 % fat). Subjects arrived at the test

Quad of 150 �C and transfer line of

210 �C.

location, after 12 hours overnight fast, at 08:00

The initial temperature was

30 �C for 8 min,

where they rested for about 30 minutes. Then

which was increased to

150 �C at a rate of

subjects received placebo

(2.5 ^cc/kg of body

3 �C/min. Injector port temperature was 290 �C

weight in distilled water sweetened with sugar

and helium used as carrier gas at a flow rate

without calories and colored by food dye) and Zj

1.5 ml/min. A total of 15 compounds were posi-

solution (0.5 gr/kg body weight in 2.5 ^cc distilled

tively or tentatively identified by GC-MS that

water) at

08:30 in double-blind manner and

contain 92.27% the area under the peak totally

rested for about 60 min, at 09:30 all subjects per-

(Table 1).

formed the Ex in two cycles, simultaneously.

Exercise protocol. All participants per-

The first peripheral venous blood samples were

formed a session of Ex in two cycles, simulta-

drawn at 08:30 before supplements of placebo

neously. Each cycle contained 9 exercises (seat

and Zj solution, second blood samples were

up, back extension, biceps curl, triceps press,

taken immediately after exercise at 10:00, then

knee extension, knee curl, standing calf raise,

subjects remained seated for

120 min, and

chest press, seated row, machines were used in

the third set of blood samples were taken at

all exercises). The test included three non-stop

12:00. The research design and blood collection

circuits with a

3-minute active rest period be-

is shown in Fig. 1.

tween circuits. Each exercise was performed

Neutrophil isolation. Neutrophils were puri-

for 30 s (about 10-14 repeats) with 1RM of 75 %

fied from venous blood treated with ACD from

[33, 36].

healthy volunteers by 3-steps: Dextran sedimen-

Supplement protocol and blood collection.

tation, hypotonic lysis, and Ficoll sedimentation,

The groups had a standard diet program during

as described previously [35].

Table 1

Combination assessment of jujube extraction by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Combination

The area under the Peak (%)

Retention time (min)

Furfural

51.33

20.21

4-Pyrone

9.51

17.07

Oleic acid

6.31

39.00

Palmic acid

4.15

35.70

Imidazole

3.03

23.59

Cyclononasiloxane

2.03

42.05

Cyclodecasiloxane

1.75

35.63

Oxantin

1.61

10.65

Guanine

1.58

27.20

Gamma.-Sitosterol

1.17

44.56

Niphimycin

1.16

26.89

Iron

1.10

45.65

Butanediol

1.07

27.00

Phthalic acid

1.02

45.48

Pentasiloxane

1.01

48.34

Dodecanoic acid

0.97

27.616

Octadecamethyl

0.95

32.604

Methyl 2-furoate

0.92

14.28

1,4-dicarbonic acid

0.86

51.997

Tetradecanoic acid

0.74

31.840

Total

92.27

��. ��. ��

2020. �. 20, � 3. �. 5-14

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Fig. 1. Research Design and Blood Collection

Neutrophil's proteins and [Ca2+]i assessments. Determination of caspase-3 (E20120710034,

0.05-10 ng/ml), calpain-1 (E20120710031, 13-800 IU/L), calpastatin (E20120710032, 16-1000 IU/L),

Bax (E20120710035, 0.3-90 ng/ml), and XIAP (E20120710036, 0.05-20 ng/ml) was analyzed by

ELISA (Glory Science Co., Ltd, China). [Ca²⁺]_iassessed by Atomic Absorption/ Flame Emission method

and SPECTROPHOTOMETER system (Shimadzu, AA-670).

Statistical analysis. Repeated measure (two-way) ANOVA was used to determine the effects of

TIME and Group by SPSS software at significance level of p ? 0.05.

RESULTS

Muchly's sphericity assumption was meet for

[Ca²⁺]_i

(W = 0.794; p = 0.281), calpastatin

(W = 0.904; p = 0.573), calpain-1 (W = 0.849; p = 0.406), Bax (W = 0.712; p = 0.154), XIAP

(W = 0.712; p = 0.154), and caspase-3 (W = 0.884; p = 0.508).

[Ca²⁺]_i. The interaction effect of TIME?GROUP was significant

(F_2,24

= 6.875; p = 0.005;

?² = 0.361). Accordingly, it increased linearly in placebo group during Ex and recovery period (Pre.Ex =

= 0.88 � 0.06, Po.Ex = 1.28 � 0.02, 2hEx = 1.40 � 0.04 mg/L). In contrast, in Zj group [Ca²⁺]_i. levels

remained unchanged over time (Pre.Ex = 1.47 � 0.01, Po.Ex = 1.53 � 0.01, 2hEx = 1.68 � 0.08 mg/L)

(Fig. 2a).

Calpastatin. The interaction effect of TIME?GROUP was significant (F_2,24 = 4.802; p = 0.018;

?² = 0.286). Accordingly, it decreased linearly during exercise and recovery in placebo group (Pre.Ex =

= 28 � 0.8, Po.Ex = 26 � 0.6, 2hEx = 23 � 0.8 IU/L). But in Zj group, it is increased and decreased dur-

ing exercise and recovery periods (Pre.Ex = 26 � 1.2, Po.Ex = 30 � 0.5, 2hEx = 25 � 0.7 IU/L), respec-

tively (Fig. 2b).

Calpain-1. The interaction effect of TIME?GROUP was significant (F_2,24 = 14.799; p ? 0.001;

?² = 0.552). Although it remained unchanged immediately after exercise in both placebo (Pre.Ex = 257 �

� 7.3, Po.Ex = 256 � 5.7 IU/L) and Zj (Pre.Ex = 280 � 7.5, Po.Ex = 276 � 6.7 IU/L) group, a significant

elevation and placebo (2hEx = 276 � 6.2 IU/L) and decline in Zj (2hEx = 259 � 5.2 IU/L) group was

found at 120 after exercise (Fig. 2c).

Bax. The interaction effect of TIME?GROUP was insignificant (F_2,24 = 1.154; p = 0.332;

?² = 0.088) (Fig. 2d). Accordingly, it remained unchanged in both placebo (Pre.Ex = 37.5 � 5.4, Po.Ex =

= 29.3 � 0.9, 2hEx = 30.1 � 1.0 ng/ml) and Zj (Pre.Ex = 30.1 � 0.8, Po.Ex = 29.3 � 0.5, 2hEx = 29.8 �

� 3.1 ng/ml) groups over time (Fig. 2d).

XIAP. The interaction effect of TIME?GROUP was significant (F_2,24 = 6.727; p = 0.005;

?² = 0.359). Accordingly, it unchanged in both placebo (Pre.Ex = 4.21 � 0.26, Po.Ex = 4.33 �

� 0.17 ng/ml) and Zj (Pre.Ex = 4.21 � 0.14, Po.Ex = 4.47 � 0.12 ng/ml) group during exercise, but

during recovery it had reduction in placebo group (2hEx = 3.89 � 0.22 ng/ml) and elevation in Zj group

(2hEx = 4.83 � 0.18 ng/ml) (Fig. 2e).

Caspase-3. The interaction effect of TIME?GROUP was significant (F_2,24 =

24.231; p ? 0.001;

?² = 0.669). Accordingly, levels increased linearly during both exercise and recovery in placebo group

(Pre.Ex = 5.5 � 0.1, Po.Ex = 6.0 � 0.1, 2hEx = 6.9 � 0.2 ng/ml); and in Zj group, it unchanged during

exercise and decreased during 120m recovery period (Pre.Ex = 6.3 � 0.1, Po.Ex = 6.0 � 0.2, 2hEx =

= 5.4 � 0.1 ng/ml) (Fig. 2f).

Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 5-14

�� .�., �� ., �� . � ��.

��

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Fig. 2. The Acute Effect of Ziziphus jujuba Supplementation on some Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Protein Levels of

Human Neutrophils in Response to a Session of Intensive Circuit Resistance Exercise: a - effect on intracellular

calcium levels; b - effect on calpastatin expression; c - effect on Calpain-1 expression; d - effect on Bax expression; e -

effects on XIAP levels; f - effects on Caspase-3 levels. Pre: previous. CRE: circuit resistance exercise. Im.po: Immediately

Post. 120 m: 120 minutes. ? - interaction effect of GROUP?TIME is significant at p ? 0.05; + - significant diference with

Pre.CRE in Placebo at p ? 0.05; � - significant diference with Im.Po.CRE in Placebo at p ? 0.05; * - significant diference

with Pre.CRE in Jujube at p ? 0.05; ** - significant diference with Im.Po.CRE in Jujube at p ? 0.05. Error Bars peresent as SE

DISCUSSION

gated during exercise conditions before, it is sup-

Current data implicate that acute resistance

posed that the calcium-dependent cysteine pro-

exercise induced an increase of [Ca²⁺]_i, calpain-1,

teasis calpain is an important mediator of neutro-

and caspase-3, while XIAP and calpastatin levels

phil apoptosis. During the apoptosis process, cal-

decreased. Accordingly, pro-apoptotic molecular

pastatin is broken down and calpains cleave

signals with involvement of [Ca²⁺]_i-calpastatin-

the Bax, and deactivate XIAP, thus causing neu-

calpain-caspase-3 axis were up-regulated in re-

trophil apoptosis [9].

sponse to exercise. In contrast, supplementation

In placebo group,

[Ca²⁺]_i levels increased

with Zj attenuated the exercise induced increase

during exercise and recovery. In parallel, anti-

of pro-apoptotic signals and increased the levels

apoptotic calpastatin decreased. While calpain-1

of anti-apoptotic signals such as XIAP.

and XIAP remained unchanged during exercise,

In neutrophils the critical balance between

they increased or decreased during recovery, re-

cell life and cell death is regulated by the balance

spectively. Caspase-3 increased linearly during

between levels of anti-apoptotic andpro-apoptotic

exercise and recovery suggesting that intensive

proteins levels

[14]. Although the neutrophils

Ex affects the balance between pro- and anti-

[Ca²⁺]_i-calpastatin-calpain axis was not investi-

apoptotic proteins in neutrophils to pro-apoptosis.

��. ��. ��

2020. �. 20, � 3. �. 5-14

��

An increase of neutrophil apoptosis after inten-

during energy demanding activities like circuit

sive exercise was found previously after acute

training. In accordance with our data, 30 days of

exercise; Here, it a change in the oxidative state

Zj extraction supplementation reduced Bax ex-

in neutrophils was documented which resulted in

pression and increased Bcl-2 expression in rats'

apoptosis [31]. Similarly, our own group found

heart muscle in response to two swimming bouts

an increase of Annexin-positive neutrophils after

(15-min) on two days [21].

intensive resistance exercise [35]. The involve-

Besides, Zj contains various minerals and vi-

ment of ([Ca²⁺]_i) in apoptosis regulation during

tamins which have anti-oxidative we properties

exercise was previously demonstrated in lympho-

such as vitamins C, and A. It also contains glyco-

cytes [22] and neutrophils [23]. Here it was found

side complexes, including phenols

(Querectin

that exercise affect neutrophils calcium transients

and Kaemferol) as well as flavonoids and triter-

followed by a modulation of neutrophils life

penes [4, 5, 8], which also have anti-oxidative

span. A study showed that incubation with Gra-

properties. We know that acute exercise with

nulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

(G-CSF)

high intensity elevates oxidative stress and tissue

delayed in vitro neutrophils apoptosis for 12 h

damage [31], and intensive resistance training

and prevented the activation of caspase-3 and -9.

also have a profound effect on in lipid peroxida-

Besides it strongly prevented activation of cal-

tion and production of free radicals through blood

pains (upstream of caspase-3) through control of

ischemia-reperfusion and mechanical loads

calcium permeation. Accordingly, it is strongly

exerted on the involved soft tissues [1]. The in-

suggested that [Ca²⁺]_i modulation is involved in

volvement of oxidative mechanisms is likely be-

apoptosis during exercise with the involvement

cause it was shown that exercise induced neutro-

of calpains. In addition, prevention of Calpain

phil apoptosis is related to an altered oxidative

caused stability of XIAP and so activity inhibi-

status [31, 35]. In contrast, 3 weeks Zj adminis-

tion of caspase-3 and -9 [38].

tration (0.4 gr/kg body weight) improved nega-

The importance of the

[Ca²⁺]_i-calpastatin-

tive effect of a bout of resistance exercise (5 ex-

calpain axis for induction of apoptosis is sup-

ercise with 90 % 1RM) on suppression of total

ported by the contrary effects of Zj supplementa-

antioxidant capacity

[2] and glutathione pero-

tion on neutrophils protein expression after exer-

xidase (GPX) [1]. It is found 30 days supplemen-

cise. Accordingly, in Zj solution group, increase

tation with Zj extraction reduced Bax expression

[Ca²⁺]_i was inhibited compared to placebo

and increased Bcl-2 expression in rats' heart

group. In accordance, calpastatin and XIAP in-

muscle accompanied by reduced levels of lipid

creased while a decrease of calpain-1 was found

peroxidation and increase antioxidant enzymes

the resulting decrease of caspase-3 in Zj group

activities [21].

suggested that supplementation one hour before

CONCLUSION

exercise is able to reverse the exercise induced

In summary, intensive Ex turned protein ba-

changes of pro- and anti- apoptotic proteins in

lance in neutrophils to pro-apoptotic signals.

human neutrophil. Similarly, glutamine feeding

In contrast supplementation with Zj solution an

resulted in reduction neutrophils apoptosis in-

hour before exercise suppressed these responses

duced by exercise; in which assumed that sup-

suggesting that supplementation inhibits cell

plementation might have protective effects on

death. Mechanistically, it is suggested that the

mitochondrial integrity [18]. In other study, one

[Ca²⁺]_i-Calpastatin-Calpain axis upstream cas-

session of exercise increased neutrophils' cas-

pase-3 is involved in exercise induced apoptosis

pase-3 gene expression in rats, which was atte-

modulation of neutrophils. The modifying effects

nuated by supplementation with glutamine [16].

of Zj on this pathway might be due the supply of

Zj fruit contains high carbohydrates, fat, protein,

energy or its anti-oxidative capacity. Any clinical

various amino acids such as three precursor of

effects of Zj on the immune system after exercise

glutamine and several others [10]. Accordingly,

remain to be shown in future studies.

it is suggested that glucose and glutamine are

important energy sources of neutrophils during

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Received 20 June 2020

__________________________________________________________________

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FOR CITATION

Effects of Ziziphus Jujube Supplementation on Pro-

Tayebi S.M., Kr?ger K., Safakar M., Bahrami P.,

and Anti-Apoptotic Protein Expression in Neutrophils after

Tahmasb G., Nenasheva A.V. Effects of Ziziphus Jujube

Resistance Exercise / S.M. Tayebi, K. Kr?ger, M. Safakar

Supplementation on Pro- and Anti-Apoptotic Protein Ex-

et al.

// ��. ��. ��. - 2020. - �. 20,

pression in Neutrophils after Resistance Exercise. Human.

� 3. - �. 5-14. DOI: 10.14529/hsm200301

Sport. Medicine,

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 5-14. DOI:

10.14529/hsm200301

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26649837.2020.0402

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�. ��-��, ��. ��, 35. E-mail: rectorlesgaft@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-0120-6716.

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�. ��-��, ��. ��, 35. E-mail: smirnovmihail439@gmail.com, ORCID:

0000-0001-8184-9564.

�� 29 �� 2020 �.

__________________________________________________________________

DOI: 10.14529/hsm200302

ENZYME DIAGNOSTICS IN SPORTS PRACTICE

(LITERATURE REVIEW AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCE)

S.E. Bakulev¹, rectorlesgaft@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-0120-6716,

V.V. Dorofeikov¹, vdorofeykov@ya.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-7272-1654,

N.D. Goldberg², ndgolberg@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0003-2689-5503,

V.A. Taymazov¹, rectorlesgaft@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-4636-4534,

S.M. Ashkinazi¹, sergei_ashkinazi@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-4255-2359,

M.S. Smirnov¹, smirnovmihail439@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0001-8184-9564

¹Lesgaft State National University of Physical Education, Sport and Health, St. Petersburg,

Russian Federation,

²Saint-Petersburg Scientific-Research Institute for Physical Culture, St. Petersburg,

Russian Federation

Aim. The paper aims to analyze and summarize the data about enzyme diagnostics in ath-

letes of different sports. Materials and methods. Creatine kinase (CK) activity was measured in

20 highly skilled male biathletes aged from 18 to 23 years. Fasted blood samples were taken

in the morning before exercise and the next day after a 90-minute ski run by a uniform method.

Biochemical analysis was performed by using the Architect c4000 and i1000SR (Abbott, USA)

automated analyzers with reagents and control materials from the equipment manufacturer.

Results. An increase in CK activity in biathletes is observed at the end of the preparatory period,

and normalization occurs by the middle of the competitive period. When studying CK activity in

10 male handball players aged from 18 to 21 years the day after training, it was found that the in-

crease in enzyme activity depended on the playing position. Goalkeepers exceeded the norm

Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 15-24

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many times compared to field players. The highest serum CK activity after exercise was ob-

served after prolonged exercise such as extra-long marathon and uphill running, which involved

eccentric muscle contractions. In triathletes after competitions (full distance), CK activity in-

creased to 1200 U/L, after 48 hours of recovery it dropped to 400 U/L. Conclusion. Thus, en-

zyme diagnostics today is a relevant and objective method for assessing the state of health and

the muscular system, including organs such as the heart, liver, and brain. Therefore, control over

the level of basic enzymes should be carried out regularly in the preparatory period both as part

of an in-depth medical examination and if an athlete is suspected of being overtrained or injured.

Keywords: elite sport, enzymes, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, acetylcholineste-

rase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, muscle damage.

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��

FOR CITATION

�� (��-

Bakulev S.E., Dorofeikov V.V., Goldberg N.D.,

�� ) / �.�. ��,

Taymazov V.A., Ashkinazi S.M., Smirnov M.S. Enzyme

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Diagnostics in Sports Practice

(Literature Review and

��. ��. - 2020. - �. 20, � 3. - �. 15-24.

Personal Experience). Human. Sport. Medicine,

2020,

DOI: 10.14529/hsm200302

vol. 20,

no. 3,

pp. 15-24.

(in

Russ.)

DOI:

10.14529/hsm200302

Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 15-24

�� 612.11:796

DOI: 10.14529/hsm200303

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2020. �. 20, � 3. �. 25-33

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Table 1

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Comparative analysis of blood indices and adrenergic reactivity of erythrocytes (ARE)

in young women with low and high values of motor activity, Me (25 %; 75 %)

�� 1 / Group 1

�� 2 / Group 2

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D/D

I/D

I/I

D/D

I/D

I/I

Indicator

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(n = 4)

(n = 6)

(n = 9)

(n = 3)

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125

120

122,3

122,2

124

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317

318

338

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0,33

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(-2,0; 3,0)

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Note. * - statistically significant difference between young women with a high level of MA and the D/D and

I/D genotypes; ? - statistically significant difference between young women with HMA and female students with

LMA, carriers of the D/D genotype.

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Table 2

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Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (r) between morphofunctional characteristics

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Indicator

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ARE_average PCA, mm/h

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0,37

0,47

0,07

ARE_average SCA, mm/h

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0,05

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ARE type SCA

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Note. * - statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05).

�� 3

Table 3

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Factor structure of blood indices and adrenergic reactivity of erythrocytes

in young women with different levels of motor activity

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Low physical activity

Indicator

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�� 2

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Factor 2

Factor 1

Factor 2

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MCV, fl

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0,45

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MCH, pg

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0,74

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MCHC, g/l

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�� ., ��/� / ARE_max. SCA, mm/h

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0,92

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��, % / Dispersion, %

��. �� .

Note. Only reliable correlations are shown.

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a multi-cohort study / L.D. Papadimitriou, �. Lucia,

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�� . ��-�.

Vol. 17. - P. 285-293.

� 2011122065/15; ��. 31.05.2012; ��.

14. Genes and Athletic Performance: An Up-

27.12.2012.

date / I.I. Akhmetov, Ye.S. Yegorova, L.Yu. Gab-

9. ��, �.�. ��

drakhmanova, O.N. Fedotovskaya

// Genetics

��-�� / �.�. ��,

and Sports. - 2016. - Vol. 61. - P. 41-54.

�.�. ��. - �.: ��, 2003. - 160 �.

15. Genetic variants associated with phy-

10. ��, �.�. ��: ��-

sical and mental characteristics of the elite ath-

�� (�� -

letes in the Polish population

/ B. Peplonska,

��) / �.�. ��, �.�. ��, �.�. ��-

J.G. Adamczyk, M. Siewierski et al. // Scand J Med

�� // �� . ��. - 2007. -

Sci Sports. - 2017. - Vol. 27 (8). - P. 788-800.

� 1. - �. 17-21.

16. Influence of vigorous physical activity

11. ��, �.�. ��

on structure and function of the cardiovascular

�� . ��

system in young athletes - the MuCAYA-Study /

�� (�� ) /

L. Baumgartner, T. Schulz, R. Oberhoffer, H. We-

�.�. ��, �.�. �� // ��

berru?

// Front Cardiovasc Med.

2019.

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- 2015.

- � 3. -

Vol. 6. - P. 148.

http://www.medtsu.tula.ru/VNMT/Bulletin/E2015-

17. Kalni?a, I. Use of the Fluorescent

3/5256 (�� : 30.09.2015).

Probe DSM in Studies of the Structural and

12. ��, �.�. �� -

Functional Changes of the Erythrocyte Mem-

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brane / I. Kalni?a, M.M. Toma // Journal of Fluo-

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rescence. - 2004. - Vol. 14. - No. 1. - �. 41-47.

�� / �.�. ��-

18. Mathew, C.C. Methods in Molecular

��, �.�. ��

// �� .

Biology / ed. J.M. Walker. - New-York: Human

��. ��. ��-��. - 2012. - � 12. - �. 235-242.

Press, 1984. - No.2. - P. 31-34.

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dautova.az@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-3069-2178.

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�� . 450076, �. ��, ��. �� , 32. E-mail: maxi-d@mail.ru,

ORCID: 0000-0002-3964-8934.

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�� . 450008, �. ��, ��. ��, 3. �-mail:

iiliya-sz@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-8790-6857.

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�� 11 �� 2020 �.

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2020. �. 20, � 3. �. 25-33

��

DOI: 10.14529/hsm200303

MORPHOFUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF ERYTHROCYTES

IN YOUNG WOMEN DEPENDING ON THE LEVEL

OF MOTOR ACTIVITY AND HEREDITARY FACTOR

A.Z. Dautova¹, dautova.az@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-3069-2178,

E.A. Hazhieva², maxi-d@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-3964-8934,

L.Z. Sadykova³, iiliya-sz@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-8790-6857,

V.G. Shamratova³, shamratovav@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-7633-4264

¹Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan�, Russian Federation,

²Bashkir State University, Ufa, Russian Federation,

³Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation

Aim. The paper deals with the adrenergic reactivity of erythrocytes and its connection with

quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cells in young women with different levels of motor

activity depending on the rs4646994(I/D) polymorphic variant of the angiotensin-converting

enzyme (ACE) gene. Materials and methods. Young female students took part in the study:

the 1^st group (n = 33) included young women with a relatively inactive lifestyle, the 2^nd group

(n = 18) included those regularly involved in sports activity (volleyball and lapta). Red blood

cells were counted with the ADVIA 60 hematology analyzer (BAYER, Germany). The adrener-

gic reactivity of erythrocytes (ARE) was assessed by changes in erythrocyte sedimentation rate

(ESR) under the effect of adrenaline in vitro in final concentrations of 10^-5; 10^-6; 10^-7; 10^-8

(stress concentration - SCA) and 10^-9; 10^-11; 10^-13 (physiological concentration - PCA) g/ml.

The type of the adrenergic reactivity of erythrocytes was established depending on the direction

of ESR changes in the presence of adrenaline - aggregative (Ag) with an ESR increase, anti-

aggregative (AnAg) with a ESR decrease, and affectless (Af). The average and maximum values

of changes were also taken into account. PCR analysis was performed on the rs4646994 poly-

morphic variant of the ACE gene. Results. A direct correlation was found between the I/D

polymorphism of the ACE gene with average values of ARE when exposed to PCA (R = 0.52,

P = 0.04), with the maximum ESR change under the effect of SCA (R = 0.52, P = 0.04), as well

as with the direction of ESR changes induced by adrenaline (R = 0.55, P = 0.03). Thus, among

individuals with the I/D genotype erythrocyte aggregation prevails, while female athletes with

the D/D genotype are not characterized by the same type of ARE. Conclusion. Young female

athletes, carriers of the D/D genotype of the �� gene, are the most resistant to the effect of both

PCA and SCA.

Keywords: adrenergic reactivity of erythrocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, level of motor

activity, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene.

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Received 11 June 2020

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FOR CITATION

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Dautova A.Z., Hazhieva E.A., Sadykova L.Z., Sham-

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2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 25-33.

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j.pain.2013.09.023

�� , ��-�� , ��

�� 1. 454075, �. ��, ��. ��, 70. E-mail: Kpv_mino@mail.ru,

ORCID: 0000-0001-7577-1158.

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��-�� . 454080, �. ��, �� , 69. E-mail:

baiguzhinaov@cspu.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-4292-321X.

�� , �� , ��, �� -

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�� . 454080, �. ��, �� , 76. E-mail: shibkova2006@mail.ru,

ORCID: 0000-0002-8583-6821.

�� 10 �� 2020 �.

__________________________________________________________________

DOI: 10.14529/hsm200304

NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLD IN HEALTHY WOMEN

AT REST AND WHEN READY FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

P.V. Kondrashkin¹, kpv_mino@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-7577-1158,

O.V. Baiguzhina², baiguzhinaov@cspu.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-4292-321X,

D.Z. Shibkova³, shibkova2006@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-8583-6821

¹Chelyabinsk Regional Clinical Hospital, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation,

²South Ural State Humanitarian Pedagogical University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation,

³South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation

Aim. The paper aims to evaluate pressure-pain-threshold (PPT) in the paravertebral areas of

the back (lumbar, thoracic, cervical levels) in relatively healthy individuals in various functional

states. Materials and methods. The study involved volunteer female students (n = 150). Heart

rate measurement and tonometry were performed using the B.WELL PRO-33 automatic tonometer.

Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 34-40

�� .�., �� .�.,

��

�� .�.

� ��

The level of functional readiness for physical exercises was assessed by the method of Kolmogo-

rov et al. (2007). In group I (n = 45), PPT measurements were carried out at rest in the laboratory

room. In group II (n = 105), PPT data were obtained before physical activity. Women of both

groups were divided into subgroups by the absence (1) or presence (2) of complaints of back

pain. PPT measurements were carried out using the Wagner FPX pressure algometer (USA).

Standard statistical methods were used for data analysis. Results. A significant effect of the func-

tional state on PPT values was found. In group II, against the background of readiness for

physical activity, the mean values of PPT in the paravertebral areas were 20-40 % higher than in

group I. The PPT values were the highest in the area of the lumbar spine. Conclusion. Changes

in the dynamic stereotype (from a state of rest to readiness for physical activity) lead to an in-

crease in the absolute values of PPT up to 40 %. This phenomenon indicates that the emotional

component of physical exercises has an analgesic effect.

Keywords: healthy women, nociception, pressure-pain-threshold, tensoalgometry, paraver-

tebral areas, physical activity.

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Received 10 May 2020

��

FOR CITATION

��, �.�. �� -

Kondrashkin P.V., Baiguzhina O.V., Shibkova D.Z.

�� -

Nociceptive Threshold in Healthy Women at Rest and

�� / �.�. ��, �.�. ��,

When Ready for Physical Activity. Human. Sport. Medi-

�.�. �� // ��. ��. ��. - 2020. -

cine,

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 34-40.

(in Russ.) DOI:

�. 20, � 3. - �. 34-40. DOI: 10.14529/hsm200304

10.14529/hsm200304

Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 34-40

�� 796.9 + 616.43

DOI: 10.14529/hsm200305

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Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 41-50

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Table 1

�� - � ��-��

� �� (Q₁-Q₃)

The dynamics of indicators of the endocrine system in male and female athletes during the periods

with different daylight hours �� (Q₁-Q₃)

��

Indicator

Long daylight period

Short daylight period

�� -�� (n = 30)

Young male athletes (n = 30)

�3 �� (��/��)

0,60 (0,60-0,90)

1,20 (0,77-1,50)

0,0001*

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�4 �� (��/��)

11,75 (10,25-13,45)

12,50 (10,92-13,22)

0,510

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�� (��/��)

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0,90 (0,77-1,30)

0,074

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267,00

0,0001*

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(131,25-193,75)

(206,75-311,75)

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10,00

0,016*

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(9,00-14,00)

(7,00-12,00)

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0,15 (0,10-0,72)

0,353

Growth hormone (ng/mL)

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Young female athletes (n = 17)

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0,60 (0,30-0,70)

0,80 (0,50-1,35)

0,012*

Total triiodothyronine (ng/mL)

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10,90 (10,65-12,65)

10,50 (9,40-12,60)

0,270

Total thyroxine (mg/dL)

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0,90 (0,65-1,30)

0,013*

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311,00

0,039*

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(192,50-342,50)

(311,00-353,00)

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2,40 (1,20-4,40)

0,130

Growth hormone (ng/mL)

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Note. Here and in table 2, 3 comparison of related samples was carried out by the nonparametric Wilcoxon

test; the differences are significant at p < 0.05*.

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2020. �. 20, � 3. �. 41-50

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Table 2

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The dynamics of the oxygen blood transport system in male and female athletes during the periods

with different daylight hours �� (Q₁-Q₃)

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Indicator

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Short daylight period

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5,22 (5,03-5,69)

0,003*

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145,00

0,0002*

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(144,50-157,00)

(138,25-150,00)

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44,62

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(44,91-49,57)

(41,78-46,45)

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84,00

0,0000*

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(84,00-90,00)

(81,00-86,00)

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27,30

0,083

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(26,80-28,65)

(26,57-28,40)

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316,00

326,50

0,0001*

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(310,25-323,00)

(319,50-332,75)

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4,69 (4,55-5,03)

0,009*

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133,00

0,0001*

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(135,00-142,00)

(127,50-139,50)

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40,62

0,0011*

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(38,61-43,02)

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(80,50-88,00)

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(26,40-28,85)

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324,00

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(315,00-330,00)

(320,50-330,00)

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Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 41-50

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�� 3

Table 3

�� -

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The dynamics of physical performance in male and female athletes during the periods

with different daylight hours �� (Q₁-Q₃)

��

Indicator

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Short daylight period

�� -�� (n = 32)

Young male athletes (n = 32)

�� (��/��/��)

44,30

46,05

Maximum oxygen consumption

0,004*

(41,27-46,10)

(42,52-47,20)

(ml/min/kg)

�� (��/��)

2893,50

2996,00

Maximum oxygen consumption

0,0002*

(2645,50-2992,75)

(2725,50-3311,00)

(ml/min)

�� (��)

283,00

294,00

0,0000*

Physical work capacity (W)

(246,00-297,00)

(269,00-317,00)

�� (��)

15,10

15,50

0,0002*

Oxygen pulse (ml)

(13,75-16,20)

(14,22-17,97)

�� (��./��)

160,50

154,50

0,039*

Anaerobic threshold (bpm)

(150,25-165,50)

(142,25-161,50)

�� -�� (n = 32)

Young female athletes (n = 32)

�� (��/��/��)

Maximum oxygen consumption

41,60 (37,65-46,15)

41,50 (38,35-44,80)

0,76

(ml/min/kg)

�� (��/��)

2342,00

2454,00

Maximum oxygen consumption

0,016*

(2169,00-2615,00)

(2287,00-2596,00)

(ml/min)

�� (��)

214,00

220,00

0,001*

Physical work capacity (W)

(203,00-226,50)

(213,00-235,00)

�� (��)

12,50

13,30

0,028*

Oxygen pulse (ml)

(11,60-14,35)

(12,30-14,20)

�� (��./��)

162,00

159,00

0,117

Anaerobic threshold (bpm)

(152,50-171,00)

(159,00-165,00)

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�� . - 2005. - � 2. - �. 139-144.

crinol. Metab.

- 2003.

- Vol. 88.

- No. 7.

13. Ingjer, F. Maximal oxygen uptake as

P. 3099-3104. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-021878

a predictor of performance ability in women and

18. Thomas, L. Seasonal Variationsin VO₂

men elite cross-country skiers / F. Ingjer // Scand.

max, O₂-Cost, O₂-Deficit, and Performance in

J. Med Sci Sports. - 1991. - No. 1. - P. 25-30.

Elite Cross-Country skiers / L. Thomas, M. Ha-

DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1991.tb00267.x

vard, S. Matt, H. Jostein // Journal of Strength

14. Mahood, N. Physiological determinants

and Conditioning Research. - 2013. - Vol. 27. -

of cross-country ski racing performance

P. 1780-1790. DOI:

10.1519/JSC.0b013e318

N. Mahood, R. Kenefick, R. Kertzer and T. Quinn //

27368f6

Med Sci Sports Exerc.

2001.

- No. 33.

19. Walker, B.R. Seasonal Variation in Glu-

P. 1379-1384.

DOI:

10.1097/00005768-

cocorticoid Activity in Healthy Men / B.R. Wal-

200108000-00020

ker, B. Ruth, P. Joseph // The Journal of Clinical

15. Rusko, H. The effect of training on

Endocrinology & Metabolism. - 2007. - Vol. 82,

aerobic power characteristics of young cross-

iss. 12.

- P. 4015-4024. DOI:

10.1210/jcem.

country skiers

/ H. Rusko

// J. Sports Sci.

82.12.4430

1987.

- No. 5.

- P. 273-286. DOI:

20. Warburton, D.E. Blood volume, aerobic

10.1080/02640418708729782

power, and endurance performance: potential

16. Snell, P.G. The role of maximal oxygen

ergogenic effect of volume loading / D.E. War-

uptake in exercise performance

/ P.G. Snell,

burton, N. Gledhill, H.A. Quinney

// Clinical

J.H. Mitchell // Clin. Chest Med. -1984. - No. 5. -

Journal of Sport Medicine. - 2000. - Vol. 10. -

P. 51-62.

pp. 59-66. DOI: 10.1097/00042752-200001000-

17. Svartberg, J. Seasonal variation of tes-

00011

�� , �� , �� -

�� . 628011, �� , ��-��

�� - ��, �. ��-��, ��. ��, 31. E-mail: dralexgrey@yandex.ru, ORCID:

0000-0002-9966-1217.

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�� , �. ��-��.

628011, �� , ��-

�� - ��, �. ��-��, ��. ��, 40. E-mail: ap.koynosov@

hmgma.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-4917-4194.

�� , �� , �� -

�� , ��-�� -

�� , �. ��-��. 628011, �� , ��-�� -

�� - ��, �. ��-��, ��. ��, 40. E-mail: ae.gubina@hmgma.ru, ORCID:

0000-0001-7730-0077.

�� 6 �� 2020 �.

Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 41-50

�� .�., �� .�., �� .�.

��

DOI: 10.14529/hsm200305

SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF ENDOCRINE REGULATION

OF METABOLIC RATE, BLOOD OXYGEN TRANSPORT SYSTEM

AND PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE OF MIDDLE OB REGION ATHLETES

FROM CYCLIC WINTER SPORTS

A.V. Rutkovskiy¹, dralexgrey@yandex.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-9966-1217,

An.P. Koynosov², ap.koynosov@hmgma.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-4917-4194,

�.�. Gubina², ae.gubina@hmgma.ru, ORCID: 0000-0001-7730-0077

¹Yugra Boarding School of the Olympic Reserve, Khanty-Mansiysk city, Russian Federation,

²Khanty-Mansiysk State Medical Academy, Khanty-Mansiysk city, Russian Federation

Aim. The paper aims to study the seasonal dynamics of endocrine regulation of metabolic

rate, blood oxygen transport system and physical performance of Middle Ob region athletes from

cyclic winter sports. Materials and methods. A comprehensive two-stage study of the endocrine

system, blood oxygen transport system and physical performance was carried out among elite

cross country skiers and biathletes aged from 15 to 18 years during the periods of the year with

pronounced daylight variability. The research methods included enzyme-linked immunoassay

(ELISA) with the measurements of total triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating

hormone, total testosterone and growth hormone; analysis of peripheral blood with the measure-

ments of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and red blood cell indices; cardiopulmonary

exercise testing with ergospirometry and assessment of maximum oxygen consumption, physical

work capacity, oxygen pulse and anaerobic threshold. Results. Statistical analysis revealed sig-

nificant (p < 0.05) seasonal changes in the endocrine system, blood oxygen transport system and

physical performance of Middle Ob region athletes. Namely, during the short daylight period

there was a significant increase in total triiodothyronine and cortisol, a decrease in total testoste-

rone, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and the average volume of red blood cells, an in-

crease in absolute and relative values of maximum oxygen consumption, oxygen pulse, physical

work capacity and a decrease in anaerobic threshold. Conclusion. The results of the research

characterize the features of athletes� adaptation to specific climatic factors of the Northern region

against the background of intense physical exertion.

Keywords: athlete, adaptation, blood oxygen transport system, endocrine regulation, red

blood cells, physical performance, maximum oxygen consumption.

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Received 6 June 2020

��

FOR CITATION

��, �.�. �� -

Rutkovskiy A.V., Koynosov An.P., Gubina �.�.

�� , ��

Seasonal Dynamics of Endocrine Regulation of Metabolic

��

Rate, Blood Oxygen Transport System and Physical Per-

�� ,

formance of Middle Ob Region Athletes from Cyclic

��

Winter Sports. Human. Sport. Medicine, 2020, vol. 20,

�� / �.�. ��, ��.�. ��, �.�. ��-

no. 3, pp. 41-50. (in Russ.) DOI: 10.14529/hsm200305

�� // ��. ��. ��. - 2020. - �. 20,

� 3. - �. 41-50. DOI: 10.14529/hsm200305

Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 41-50

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DOI: 10.14529/hsm200306

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Athletes data with respect to training orientation (T) (M � m) (n = 41)

�� .

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��1 (n = 23)

��2 (n = 18)

�� (p_1-2)

Indicator

Athletes

Significance

with a predominantly

of differences

aerobic orientation T1

anaerobic orientation T2

��

10 (43,5 %)

14 (77,8 %)

0,524

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males

Gender

��

13 (56,5 %)

4 (22,2 %)

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females

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19,28 � 0,16

0,529

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75,22 � 4,49

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data

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83,79 � 2,61

0,039

males

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61,25 � 0,63

0,008

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24,01 � 1,208

0,511

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2020. �. 20, � 3. �. 51-63

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Table 2

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Body composition, fat and carbohydrate metabolism in athletes with respect to training orientation

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�� 2

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(23 ��.)

(18 ��.)

Criterion

Significance

T1 orientation (n = 23)

T2 orientation (n = 18)

of differences

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1650 � 29,42

0,525

Basal metabolism, kcal

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15,29 � 1,916

0,834

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35,64 � 1,553

0,031

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43,87 � 2,328

0,024

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11,18 � 0,395

12,12 � 0,587

0,138

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21,27 � 0,606

23,46 � 0,983

0,021

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59,93 � 3,181

0,024

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38,88 � 2,001

0,017

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% ��

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52,13 � 1,039

0,446

% active cell mass

��

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3,9 � 0,09

0,015

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0,025

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Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 51-63

�� .�., �� .�.,

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Table 3

�� , ��

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Athletes� anthropometric data, fat and carbohydrate metabolism with respect

to training orientation and gender differences

�� / Gender

�� / Males

�� / Females

��

�� 1 (10 ��.)

�� 2 (14 ��.)

�� 1 (13 ��.)

�� 2 (4 ��.)

Indicator

T1 orientation

T2 orientation

T1 orientation

T2 orientation

(n = 10)

(n = 14)

(n = 13)

(n = 4)

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19,29 � 0,19

19,46 � 0,24

19,25 � 0,25

Age, years

�� , ��

176,7 � 1,85

180,93 � 1,3

166,15 � 1,54

159,75 � 1,03

Body length, cm

�� , ��

73,10 � 2,05

82,79 � 3,74

59,69 � 2,62

48,75 � 0,75

Body mass, kg

�� , ��

76,40 � 1,83

83,79 � 2,61

68,77 � 1,43

61,25 � 0,63

Waist circumference, cm

��

23,49 � 0,83

25,41 � 1,33

21,58 � 0,83

19,10 � 0,27

Body mass index

�� , ��

13,02 � 1,52

16,43 � 2,39

14,80 � 1,43

11,32 � 0,24

Fat mass, kg

�� , �

36,19 � 0,77

38,84 � 0,71

29,59 � 1,04

24,46 � 0,57

Total fluid, l

�� , �

43,98 � 1,33

48,57 � 1,19

33,19 � 1,24

27,41 � 0,6

Body water, l

��

��, �

12,37 � 0,40

13,27 � 0,35

10,27 � 0,50

8,13 � 0,32

Extracellular fluid, l

��

��, �

23,82 � 0,41

25,49 � 0,43

19,32 � 0,60

16,34 � 0,25

Intracellular liquid, l

�� , ��

60,08 � 1,81

66,36 � 1,63

45,34 � 1,70

37,44 � 0,82

Fat-free mass, kg

��

��, ��

38,92 � 1,01

42,95 � 0,99

29,15 � 0,97

24,61 � 0,36

Active cell mass, kg

% ��

��

53,35 � 1,01

52,59 � 1,32

49,10 � 0,69

50,49 � 0,22

% active cell mass

��

�� , ��

1802,20 � 42,51

1977,21 � 49,70

1440,08 � 27,09

1324,50 � 9,13

Basal metabolism, kcal

�� / Cholesterol

4,34 � 0,19

3,92 � 0,10

4,87 � 0,41

3,83 � 0,18

�� / Glucose

5,12 � 0,11

5,48 � 0,17

5,22 � 0,17

5,73 � 0,13

��

(��. 4). �� (��1)

1-� �� 0,465, �� 2-� (-)0,594.

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Table 4

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Athletes� anthropometric and trophological statuses with respect to the rank of sportsmanship

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��

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�� 1 (��)

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2^nd rank (candidate master

3^rd rank (1^st-2^nd adult category)

of sports) (n = 4)

of sports) (n = 18)

(n = 19)

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19,75 � 0,48

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171,56 � 6,21

174,53 � 2,11

Body length, cm

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68,50 � 4,01

72,26 � 3,31

Body mass, kg

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69,00 � 4,06

73,94 � 2,64

77,32 � 2,18

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��

20,88 � 1,15

23,00 � 0,94

23,69 � 1,01

Body mass index

�� , ��

10,04 � 1,26

15,31 � 1,46

14,87 � 1,66

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�� , �

32,81 � 3,73

33,08 � 1,45

34,81 � 1,17

Total fluid, l

�� , �

39,32 � 5,72

39,19 � 2,24

42,01 � 1,77

Body water, l

��

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11,49 � 1,42

11,43 � 0,56

11,78 � 0,46

Extracellular fluid, l

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21,32 � 2,30

21,60 � 0,92

23,01 � 0,73

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53,54 � 3,05

57,39 � 2,42

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��

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34,35 � 4,82

34,48 � 1,95

37,36 � 1,51

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% ��

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51,97 � 0,98

% active cell mass

��

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1626,25 � 157,78

1648,83 � 75,13

1765,16 � 58,61

Basal metabolism, kcal

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5,15 � 1,06

4,35 � 0,23

4,11 � 0,13

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5,63 � 0,25

5,31 � 0,17

5,29 � 0,09

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2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 51-63

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Table 5

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Correlation between body composition and sportsmanship in the general population

and groups with different training orientation

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mass, kg

fluid, l

water, l

mass, kg

ference

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23. Fructose consumption in the develop-

2012.02.017

�� , �� , ��, ��

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��.

454092, �. ��, ��. ��, 64. E-mail: aikq74@mail.ru, ORCID:

0000-0003-0962-8980.

�� , �� , �� ,

�� . 454091, �. ��, ��. ��-

��, 1. E-mail: khrebtova.anastasia@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-0013-6317.

�� , �� , ��, �� -

��, �� -

�� , ��-��

��.

454092, �. ��, ��. ��, 64. E-mail: okamerer@mail.ru, ORCID:

0000-0002-5243-3399.

�� , �� , ��, ��

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��, �� .

454091, �. ��,

��. ��, 1. E-mail: bev58@yandex.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-7506-8793.

�� 22 �� 2020 �.

Human. Sport. Medicine

2020, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 51-63

�� .�., �� .�.,

��

�� .�., �� .�.

��

DOI: 10.14529/hsm200306

ASSOCIATIVE DETERMINANTS OF THE TROPHOLOGICAL STATUS

IN ATHLETES FROM AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC SPORTS

A.I. Kuzin¹, aikq74@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0003-0962-8980,

A.Yu. Khrebtova², khrebtova.anastasia@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-0013-6317,

O.V. Camerer¹, okamerer@mail.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-5243-3399,

E.V. Bykov², bev58@yandex.ru, ORCID: 0000-0002-7506-8793

¹South Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation,

²Ural State University of Physical Culture, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation

Aim. The paper aims to elaborate effectiveness criteria for aerobic and anaerobic training

based on a comprehensive analysis of the athletes� trophological status. Materials and methods.

Anthropometric data, body composition, carbohydrate and fat metabolism indicators were col-

lected for trained athletes (n = 41) once per day (in the morning) on an empty stomach. To find

metabolic determinants for the training process of various orientations, athletes were divided into

two groups, namely, a group with a predominantly aerobic orientation (n = 23) and those with

a predominantly anaerobic one (n = 18). Results. The assessment of the athletes� trophological

status showed reliable correlations between body composition and aerobic capacities. Body com-

position indicators allow forecasting physical performance in predominantly aerobic sports. Total

cholesterol and blood glucose dynamics reflect the nature of metabolic changes during long-term

adaptation to aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Conclusion. In the group with aerobic training,

sportsmanship depends on the anthropological and trophological statuses. The ratio of blood glu-

cose to total cholesterol can act as a universal marker of aerobic and anaerobic capacities during

long-term sports training.

Keywords: markers of aerobic metabolism, markers of anaerobic metabolism, performance

forecast.

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